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1. What is anthrax?

Anthrax is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium bacillus anthracis. It most commonly occurs in mammals such as cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and antelopes, but can occur in humans when they are exposed to infected animals or tissue from infected animals.

2. How common is anthrax and who can get it?

Anthrax is most common in agricultural regions where it occurs in animals. Humans infected with anthrax usually have been exposed to infected animals or their products through their occupations. Workers who are exposed to dead animals and animal products from other countries where anthrax is more common may become infected with bacillus anthracis.

3. How is anthrax transmitted?

Anthrax infection can occur in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal. Spores can live in the soil for years and humans can become infected with anthrax by handling products from infected animals or by inhaling anthrax spores from contaminated animal products. Eating undercooked meat from infected animals also can spread the disease. It is rare to find infected animals in the United States.

4. What are the symptoms of anthrax?

• Cutaneous: About 95% of anthrax infections occur when the bacterium enters a cut or abraison on the skin, such as when handling contaminated wool, hides, leather, or hair products of infected animals.


• Inhalation: Initial symptoms may resemble a common cold, but lead to severe breathing problems and shock after several days.


• Intestinal: This form of anthrax may follow the consumption of contaminated meat and is characterized by an acute inflammation of the intestinal tract.

5. Where is anthrax usually found?

Anthrax is global. It is more common in developing countries or countries without veterinary public health programs. Certain regions of the world (South and Central America, Southern and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and the Middle East)report more anthrax in animals than elsewhere.

6. Can anthrax be spread from person to person?

Direct, person-to-person spread of anthrax is extremely unlikely. It is not contagious.

7. Is there a treatment for anthrax?

Doctors can prescribe effective antibiotics. To be effective, treatment should be initiated early. If left untreated, the disease can be fatal.

8. Is there a way to prevent infection?

In countries where anthrax is common and vaccination levels of animal herds are low, humans should avoid contact with livestock and animal products and not eat meat that has not been properly prepared. An anthrax vaccine has been licensed for humans. It is reported to be 93% effective.

9. What is anthrax vaccine?

It is a cell-free filtrate vaccine, which means it contains no dead or live bacteria in the preparation. Anthrax vaccines intended for animals should not be used in humans.

10. Who should get vaccinated against anthrax?

The CDCP's advisory committee on immunization practices recommends vaccination for the following:

• People who work directly with the organism in the laboratory
• People who work with imported animal hides or furs in areas where standards are insufficient to prevent exposure to anthrax spores
• People who handle potentially infected animal products in high incidence areas (Incidence is low in the United States)
• Military personnel deployed to areas with high risk for exposure to the organism (as when it is used as a biological warfare weapon)

11. Should my doctor prescribe preventative antibiotics against anthrax or other bioterrorist threat diseases?

No unusual illnesses or deaths suggestive of bioterrorism have been reported in California, nor have there been any credible threats of bioterrorism. Therefore, preventive antibiotics are not needed and public health officials do not recommend prescribing them. Inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to unnecessary harmful side effects and to development of antibiotic resistant organisms.

12. What should I do if I think I have been exposed to anthrax?

• REMAIN CALM
• Contact the Health Department at (209) 381-1020 during business hours. After hours and on weekends, call the EMS Dispatch Center at (209) 725-7011 and ask for the "on-duty CD staff person." Be sure to tell the CD Investigator the "where, when, what etc. of your possible exposure, and follow their directions.